:: Specific Design Brief

Practical Action 2: Packaging - further information

PRODUCT DESIGN KENYA - WEST KENYA

KISUMU, MIGORI AND THE AREA AROUND LAKE VICTORIA

Kisumu is a large town in the west of Kenya, six hours drive by car from Nairobi, only 50 minutes by plane. Migori is a further three hours drive but both towns are close to the border with both Tanzania and Uganda, and are close to Lake Victoria. Migori is smaller but can be used as an example of typical life in western Kenya.
It's a town of some 70,000 households, each one having an average of 6-7 people. The vast majority of the people are subsistence farmers, working to provide for the daily needs of themselves and their families. A smaller number work in crafts, either self-employed or seeking whatever work they can get on a daily basis within the community. The sorts of skills they might have are in woodwork, metalwork, mechanical engineering, car servicing and maintenance. In Kisumu, there has also been a big rise in the number of bicycles in use in the area so a service industry has grown up alongside that, including a popular bicycle taxi service, very similar to "backying" in the UK, where the passenger sits behind the rider on a rack over the back wheel..

There is a market in every town, every day. There are stall holders who bring either their produce to sell, or the things they have made in their workshops. There is also a big market in predominantly second-hand clothing and footwear. The more permanent shops stock everything for daily needs - food, drink, flour, sugar, eggs etc.

The farmers grow a variety of crops but two only are grown for commercial purposes - sugar and tobacco. The market for both is unpromising. The sugar industry has almost collapsed and the tobacco market, dominated by international companies like British American Tobacco, has falling demand. One tobacco farmer I visited had just stopped his contract with BAT since he can no longer make a profit from the price they pay him for his crop. Despite sugar being widely available in the area, it is still imported from nearby countries like Sudan. Fruits like mangoes are available almost everywhere, yet mango fruit juice is imported from South Africa. Buying local produce is not the norm, apart from the poor people who cannot afford imported or nationally-produced goods.

Peanuts are widely grown for use in the home as an ingredient in soup, porridge, puddings and cakes. They can also be turned into a powder to feed small children. Recently they have been seen as a way of making a small enterprise income by using a peanut milling machine. (For more details, see Money for Peanuts, available from Practical Action, which will soon become a case study on the STEP website, accessible through www.stepin.org)

In addition to peanuts, people also grow maize, beans and pineapples that can sometimes grow in sufficient quantities to be marketable. Although other fruits and vegetables are grown, they are rarely harvested in sufficient quantities for them to be sold. It's only in good harvests that some people have a surplus to sell. Sadly, that's also the time when prices are lowest. Some stock piling is done, e.g. maize, but it needs to be picked at the right time to ensure weevils don't attack it in store.

Daily life is tough for most people. Three-quarters of the population are involved in agriculture in some way. Most are self-employed. Many of the men will also seek casual employment in nearby towns whilst the women and children look after the animals and manage the farm as well as looking after the family needs. That often involves spending many hours every day collecting water and searching for firewood.

Over 95% of the population has no access to grid electricity. A very small proportion are beginning to benefit from micro-hydro electricity schemes but outside Nairobi and the other large towns, most people rely on kerosene for lighting and wood-fires for cooking and heat. Poor health is widespread.

Most people live from day to day. They make whatever they can from whatever they can sell. Some might collect water in jerry cans on a hand cart or bicycle and sell it to others. (They will collect it from either pipeline water points or rivers.) Some make charcoal and sell it at the roadside. Some sell fruit or fish at the roadside. They eke out whatever they can. It will often be only a few shillings (100 Kenyan shillings = £1 approx), which means they only have a few shillings to spend on the daily necessities. When they have a crisis, they may sell an animal or any surplus they have put aside. It may be a health problem, or they want to send another child to school, or they need a new part for a machine.
 

FURTHER INFORMATION
KEY QUESTIONS
USEFUL REFERENCES
PROBLEM & COMMODITIES
JUICE & PEANUT BUTTER
POSSIBILITIES